Alcoholism in Parramatta-Free-Samples for Students -Myassignment

Question: Discusss about the Alcoholism in Parramatta. Answer: A people wellbeing is generally impacted by the wellbeing practices that the person in question decide to create as a component of the everyday individual ways of life. A portion of the terrible practices that one can take up is helpless eating practices, overdrinking, and tranquilize maltreatment among others (Gleeson Friel, 2013). Such practices will in general create wellbeing dangers that influences the nature of the influenced people life. The vast majority of these issues are avoidable through decrease or alteration of hazard factors (Srensen et al., 2012). There are a few general wellbeing related issues that are influencing the Australian culture these days. These medical problems are seen because of the development of a few ailment or disarranges or because of the social issues, for example, abusive behavior at home, weight, and medication and liquor misuse (Morgan et al., 2012). This task will talk about such general medical problem of the Local Government Area (LGA) Parram atta, Australia and will give an etiology and the study of disease transmission of it. Further with a short depiction of the LGA the effect (eg. pervasiveness) of the general medical issue on the number of inhabitants in the LGA will be talked about. Moreover, contingent upon the information gathered from the network profile, the connection between the general medical problem and its commonness will be examined. At long last the job of network wellbeing medical caretakers in dealing with these issues according to essential, auxiliary or tertiary intercessions will be talked about. While examining the etiology, Alcoholism is a confusion that has a great deal of variables adding to its turn of events. They can either be hereditary qualities, natural components, subjective conduct, demeanor, mental and even social variables. They add to a huge degree towards liquor reliance (Laslett et al., 2012). The reliance can be very regular in a family or network as far as use and the liquor abuse itself. The condition can be passed down from parent to youngster in one age to another. More to that strict or political connection can likewise add to the condition despite the fact that they are very distant organic reasons (Livingston, 2014). Liquor addiction is a mental issue that is normal to 7-12.5% of western areas and Australia. The turmoil is exceptional in nations with high Muslim populaces. The proportion of men to ladies experiencing liquor abuse rates at 2 to 1 albeit female liquor abuse is more earnestly to defeat than that of men. It represents 3.2 % of worldwide passings and is increasingly normal among asset helpless nations (Ramamoorthi, 2015). Since mid nineteenth century, spirits were the most devoured mixed refreshment in the nation with an utilization pace of 13.6 liters of unadulterated liquor. There were fluctuating rates in the decades that followed. Liquor utilization per capita in Northern Australian domain has been evaluated as the second most noteworthy all inclusive where there is an expected 15.1 liters utilization of unadulterated liquor every year. The native and Torres Strait Islanders in Northern Australia is 16.9 liters of unadulterated liquor every year (Ramamoorthi, 2015). In the past la dies were not permitted to drink yet later on in the late ninth century, there were permitted to drink similarly as same as the men. The neighborhood government zone expresses that ladies drink more than men in the capital urban communities. There is a direct hereditary speculation connecting the hereditary impact of liquor addiction structure parent to kid, mental variables will in general assume the greater job. That is, expanded family considers, twin examinations including both indistinguishable and congenial sets, people raised away from alcoholic individuals all point out to the likenesses and contrast on event of liquor addiction. Studies that have related the three condition show that the liquor reliance is progressively common in makes when contrasted with females (Livingston, 2014). There is a direct hereditary theory connecting the hereditary impact of liquor abuse structure parent to youngster, mental variables will in general assume the greater job. That is, broadened family contemplates, twin examinations including both indistinguishable and intimate sets, people raised away from alcoholic individuals all point out to the likenesses and distinction on event of liquor abuse. Studies that have related the three condition show that the liquor reliance is progressively predominant in makes when contrasted with females (Bennte, 1990). Liquor abuse is a dynamic illness and in this way without control, it deteriorates after some time. This makes the human body incapable to adapt and in this way liquor reliance is made. Overdrinking prompts liver harm among different genuine effects. It might likewise prompt risky conduct. Individuals unfit to control their desire to take in liquor are alluded to as practical drunkards and they either begin drinking while in their youngsters or during youthful age (Morgan et al., 2012). A large portion of the youthful grown-ups who are utilitarian drunkards began taking liquor because of friend pressure as a type of attempting to fit in a general public. They develop on their liquor admission to adulthood. Liquor will in general influence the ladies more forcefully than the man because of their high muscle to fat ratio content, low weight and hormones. A womans body acclimates to the liquor compound organizations and its effectively ingested causing quick intoxication states (Edenberg Foroud, 2013). Whenever mishandled excessively, a lady can endure liquor harming at a quicker rate than a man. Liquor additionally deflects with the subjective capacities and execution of the cerebrum. Numerous People rely upon liquor for socialization, unwinding, mending, otherworldliness, empathizing or festivities. The clients will in general accept that liquor causes them to feel some kind of way that aides and it builds delight and diminishes enthusiastic torment and injury just as physical pressure. This prompts low tension and feelings of anxiety (Ramamoorthi, 2015). The manifestations of Alcoholism are for one to be named a heavy drinker, one must show the accompanying indications, for example, the failure to stop drinking, hitting the bottle hard, detachment, encountering withdrawal side effects without liquor, staying away from social exercises like birthday celebrations where individuals are accumulated. Further, neglecting to meet commitments, excusing enthusiastic associations with loved ones, looking for organization from different heavy drinkers, reliance on liquor for the duration of the day, expanded liquor resilience are likewise part of the side effects of liquor addiction. The medical caretakers in the network assume a major job in recuperation of a patient (Ramamoorthi, 2015). Medical caretakers that handle medication and substance misuse like liquor are alluded to as general practice attendants or practice medical caretakers. They manage identification and the executives of patients with liquor abuse. On essential premise, the atte ndant gives and learns more data on liquor and their consequences for medicine like antidepressants and hostile to crazy drugs so as to shield the patients experiencing emotional well-being issues. Anyway whats additionally disturbing is the way that the dangers associated with liquor use are far considerably more hurting than the favorable circumstances it might offer (Edenberg Foroud, 2013). They include: Alcohol reliance: its harder to quit drinking once an individual starts drinking. Its harder for one to achieve undertakings let alone on time when under impact of liquor at work, school or at home. It takes medicine and all the more so mediations for alcoholic to recuperate. One is at risk for consistently be in hazardous places or being a threat to others. More to that, heavy drinkers will in general face legitimate issues continually due to abusing laws like driving under impact, battles with individual residents, vandalism among numerous others. They additionally will in gene ral have relationship fights with life partners, family, youngsters, companions and associates (Inder et al., 2012). The Local Government zone Parramatta is a suburb which is around 20 km away from Sydney and as indicated by the registration of 2011, there were 19,745 individuals in the region having larger part of guys (52%) over females (48%). The normal period of individuals of Parramatta is 30 years and inside this 65.3% individuals are beyond 15 2018 years old (localstats, 2018). These individuals are fulltime representatives and fills in as work power in associations. Nonetheless, it ought to be referenced that the pace of joblessness in Parramatta is 9% and over 60% homes in the LGA are leased. In this manner, from this demographical qualities, it tends to be obviously seen that the pace of less instructed or unskilled individuals are higher in this LGA as that made them fill in as worker in associations. Further, there are different factors in this LGA that builds the feeling of anxiety of individuals living around there, for example, leased house, less accessibility to appropriate proficie nt degree, instructive obstructions and social separation that power individuals to pick medication or alcoholic expansion to beat these worries (Parramatta localstats, 2018). Further, while portraying the job of these social worries in expanding the pace of liquor abuse in the more youthful age is higher than some other issues. Social framework influences social consideration and builds melancholy and other mental issues. Numerous analysts recognized mental issue as the prime purpose behind liquor abuse in more youthful age. As per Tam, Zwar Markham (2013), liquor influences the focal sensory system and gives a feeling of quiet and joy. Anyway day by day utilization of it builds the fomentation level and prompts palpitation. Further analysts additionally believes that liquor addiction attributes can be hereditary and conduct likewise assumes a significant job to show it inside the character of the individual (Inder et al., 2012). The information underneath speaks to factual information gathered by the Local Government Areas (LGAs) and Local Health Districts (LHDs) in Parramatta, Australia. Liquor Abuse in: Day by day Drinkers Incidental Drinkers Grown-ups 7.5% of more than 16 years 18% of more than 16 years 14.8% for more than 65 years 25.9 % for more than 65 years School Students 58.8% b

Using A Brown Writing Paper To Help You Create Better Writing

Using A Brown Writing Paper To Help You Create Better WritingWhether you are using a brown writing paper for personal reasons or to write an essay, the way that you use it will play a major role in how well it performs. For example, if you often write on the same topic on a given day, it will be harder to come up with fresh ideas when you are reviewing your work.Likewise, if you occasionally write on a certain topic, the environment that you work in may impact the quality of your writing. If you have a clutter-free workspace, you may find it easier to come up with new ideas. On the other hand, if you work with other people in the same room, you may find that the visuals and noise of talking can cause distractions, causing you to write differently than usual.Keep in mind that different writers perform better under different circumstances. However, if you regularly create more work when working in a cluttered environment, it will be difficult to create interesting ideas when you are tr ying to complete a report or write an essay. You will also be less likely to come up with a fresh idea if you are frequently interrupted by others or need to take notes during a meeting. By controlling how you work, you can ensure that you perform at your best when you need to.One thing that you can do to help control the way that you work when you are using a brown writing paper is to practice. When you are practicing, try not to force the ideas out, and instead use a piece of paper as a blank canvas. When you need to come up with an idea, move the paper, allowing it to fall open onto the page, and let your imagination run free.The act of drawing inspiration from your own inspirations will help you determine whether you will be able to come up with something fresh. Some writing experts believe that taking notes during meetings, for example, is more effective when you have a clean slate.The last tip to remember when you are using a brown writing paper is to be specific about what yo u want to accomplish with your writing. You can use a dry erase board to write down notes about a particular idea, but the best way to do this is to create a list of all of the aspects of the subject that you are writing about. This way, you will be able to clearly see where you are going with your writing.This is a good reference material, and if you are having trouble coming up with an idea, it will make it easier to find the words to describe the experiences you are interested in. By using a list, you will find that it is easier to focus on the main points of your writing, which will help you develop a strong outline.When you are using a brown writing paper, you should use the tips outlined above to help you be more productive when you are creating content. You will find that the process will become easier over time, and you will find that you will be able to come up with more ideas and develop stronger writing skills.

Tangible and Intangible Brand Attributes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Unmistakable and Intangible Brand Attributes - Essay Example Impalpable properties assumes a critical job in pulling in more clients towards the items and administrations by the business. Notwithstanding, there is no away from of explicit properties that can accomplish this viewpoint. This area will talk about different characteristics that can be utilized by the eateries so as to build the quantity of customers. Evaluating Indian social classes majorly affect the accomplishment of the item in the market. With the goal for Starbucks to prevail in the Indian market, it needs need to recognize the necessities of individuals in various social classes. Notwithstanding, individuals in a higher social class once in a while connect with those in a low social class. Thus, the estimating of the item ought to be one of a kind to guarantee that it portions the market and arrives at the objective market. For example, outlets situated in regions where lion's share of the individuals are poor ought to guarantee that the costs of the items are inviting to the populace (Kapferer 2012). Espresso Dates Starbucks ought to sort out night espresso dates for Indian couples. It ought to guarantee that once in seven days, it sorts out a capacity to acknowledge and cause Indian couples to feel great while in the outlets. During such days, the organization should offer limited items, for example, espresso and different suppers. This is to guarantee that cash doesn't keep individuals from making the most of their affection (Wells, Burnett and Moriarty 2006). This day ought to be one when the firm encounters a low number of clients.

Research and Discuss the Effects of Technology on Religion - 1925 Words

Research and Discuss the Effects of Technology on Religion (Essay Sample) Content: Professors Name:Students Name: Shqiprie DreshajCourse:Date:End of The World: Technology Takes OverWoe to you who believes in a world on high end technology, and having the best of the best with using less labor. One day in this world full of technology this world will have robots serve us at restaurants or even cafes. Its starting to slowly happen, because of the jobs being taken away from people. Why, because of the better technology that we all have now. Our toll booths, not all but soon we will not have to deal with toll booths anymore. Technology got so strong that they charge peoples lives by mail or E-ZPass. In fact, technology is becoming a necessity such without it life would become difficult. Due to technological advancements, many people have lost their lives since jobs are mechanized with only a few remaining for technocrats who controls the machines. The unfortunate fact is more and more people will soon be rendered jobless. Another example, when we go to supermarkets, we no longer have to wait on lines. We created a thing called self-checkout, to make life easier and serve us faster. The business people think it will be easier or just convenient to apply technology in every aspect of business operation, but that is where they are wrong because one day they too will lose their job too to all these machines. Entrepreneurs say invention and process mechanization is better for them since the processes will be faster. On the contrary I do not think that will be the ultimate truth. I believe technology is a necessary evil to the society, companies, and Indi duals alike. For example, technology has made people lazier. Even simple tasks that require less energy to perform, are today done by machines. Therefore, the machines have just made people lazier and less self-sufficient and the stronger the technology gets the more jobs will be taken away.Though businesses will save more money because they wont have to pay employees, they will have t o face the challenges that come with innovation. For example, the firms can just spend the money on a machine to do the job that three people would have done, therefore cut on cost. The disadvantage of the technology on the society is, kids will not ever learn how to struggle as the earlier generation did struggle. The changes will come mainly because with a press of a button the children will have whatever they need anytime. Strange as it may sound but the reality is technology will take over the society. In the year 2075, there seemed to be a huge technology failure. For those who have created all these robots and machines, are attacking their owners. The robots are attacking mankind. What will people do with the disaster that the past generation has left? There are people without homes, because of all the jobs taken away. No one knows what to do, or control this outrage. Lets take a look back to what has happened, just a decade ago people, business owners, property owners, etc. g ot greedy for technology. The government, the president, they all got selfish. They fired those who worked for them, and saved their money by buying robots. Given the investment in robots, the poor remained poor, the middle class became poor and upper class just increased their wealth. The notion of things becoming easier, faster, and convenient was wrong since more damages are done on people and the society as a whole. The society lost everything except those who are first class, at the time. Even the first class people thought they had it all, but they didn't know that their robots and their machines would go against them.Now back to 2075, where we stand all together, in fear, scared about what will happen next to us. No one knew, no one can control it, not even the government. As everyone continued to fight for what was theirs, try to fight off all the robots. Everyone in America lost everything, there were people out on the streets trying to find places to hide. People burning d own businesses, homes, buildings, just to keep safe. Mankind would not help one another, they just continued to help themselves. This all started because of people becoming greedy, and selfish. We have fallen to another great depression yet again. No one had money in their bank accounts, people were fighting people. There was a robot crisis going on, and no one knew how to control this crisis. There was a way but no one decided to work together and figure it out, they just freaked out and lost control. Thats how mankind was almost gone, but almost was not the end. Once people started to trust one another they will figure out their way out of this. But until then, they need to figure out their currency problem. No one had money, and if there was someone who had money, it was the robots. So humans had to try to work backwards and remember how they put the robots together. Without the robots knowing they are being attacked. In Buddhism, the purpose of life is to end suffering. The Budd ha taught that humans suffer because we continually strive after things that do not give lasting happiness. The people of America need to work together to end the suffering that they all once caused to each other. Even though we thought that the robots would make us happier, and make things easy for us it didnt. And we need to get over the fact that it didnt work, we strived for it, but it didnt create happiness for the American people. It just created a storm that we the people regret. But when it rains it pours, so we need to work together and reach our goal to make our country better than it was before all this mess started. The Buddha said of death: Life is a journey.Death is a return to earth. The universe is like an inn. The passing years are like dust. Regard this phantom world as a star at dawn, a bubble in a stream, A flash of lightning in a summer cloud, A flickering lamp - a phantom - and a dream (/buddhism/beliefs) . We build the death of our country, now it has to re turn from the dead, it shall pass and become great again. We the people need to work together, hold on anothers hands and rebuild. Without our dedication and self-assessment where we went wrong, things will become tougher on us, and more and more of our people will lose their jobs, health will deteriorate, and the economy will scramble. The US government has much stake in helping its citizens out of this crisis. The government, for example, can formulate regulations on the use of robots at the expense of people. Everyone has a duty to make our country great again. Businesses should use labor-intensive methods of production to reduce the unemployment rate. Two the moderate use of robots will lower the risk of attack from the alien robots to humankind. Ideally, a man should desist from making man-like things since the only being responsible for creation is the Supreme Being that controls the universe. Besides, when human resources eliminate the use of robots, the economy will rise ag ain, where everybody will have a chance of climbing the ladder without creating a barrier between the poor, the middle class, and the upper class in the society. It is only through our interventions can we redeem our universe that we caused its death. Cutting cost should be a priority over the personal expense.From Hinduism perspective, a universe is a single unit where everything in it is related and connected through its diversity of beliefs. The religion allows one to believe in many things about the universe, God and the liberation of humanity from life afflictions. According to Hinduism truth is one sage; call it by different names.  Meaning there is an existence of a lasting soul that transmigrates from one body to another body at death. Also, Karma law determines human destiny in one generation to the next generation. From the religion, we can deduce that regardless of the sad state of the universe caused by our actions, at one point it will be great once again. Since the religion is diverse such that particular belief about God and gods are less important, humanity takes precedence over any other thing. It follows, therefore, that w...

College essay topics to write about Salinity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4419 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Engineering Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Literature Review The aim of this literature review is to assess current research on the impact of salinity of pore water on the engineering properties of the soil, including shear strength and classification of the soil, ideally using Atterburg limits. The review focuses on the study of different soils and the impact of salinity on the engineering properties of the soil, addressing the types of experiments, the procedures in setting up the samples and the tests conducted as this will provide background information for the tests conducted in this dissertation. The literature review also examines the results of these tests as this will be useful for comparison of data during the analysis stage of this dissertation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "College essay topics to write about Salinity" essay for you Create order Engineering Properties of Soil According to Ajam et al. (2015, p.350) the engineering characteristics of fine-grained soils, particularly clayey soils are influenced by a range of factors including density, porosity, and structure, as well as the history of tension and granulation, type of clayey minerals and plastic property. The engineering characteristics are also influenced by the type of minerals and the volume of these minerals in the pore water. This suggests that any change in these characteristics will lead to a corresponding change in the physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil. Engineering properties such as density, shear strength and the plasticity of soil are important as these properties affect the structural performance of the soil particularly under foundations and in other civil engineering applications. In basic engineering theory on soil mechanics, it is commonly assumed that the pore water and solid particles are chemically inert, in other words there is no chemical interaction b etween the different phases. However, Ajam et al. (2015, p.350) point out that the surface of clayey mineral particles is negatively charged which means that electrochemical forces exist between the solid, liquid and dissolved phases which influences the mechanical behaviour of clayey soil. In addition, it is known that the quantity and nature of electro-chemical forces depends on the type of anion and cation in exchange phase and the impact of this interaction on the cation exchange capacity. Ajalloeian et al. (2013, p.1419) make the point that the properties of water used in construction activities such as mixing concrete is governed by regulations and international standards, however there are fewer standards, governing the properties of water used in works associated with soil for example in the construction of earthen dams. Yet there is evidence to suggest that some minerals such as salt can affect the mechanical properties of soil. Bouksila et al. (2008, p. 254) suggest that t he impact of the saline on the soil is dependent on the solubility of the soil. Suganya and Sivapullaiah (2015, p.913) argue that the behaviour of the soil is dependent on the microstructure which in turn can be influenced by the water content and the chemical content of that water. Lolaev et al. (1997, p.215) suggests that the temperature of the soil and the chemical content of the salt can influence the bonds between particles within the micro-structure which in turn affects the engineering properties of the soil. Chaney and Demars (1985, p.219) point out that salt in pore can affect soil behaviour particularly in leaching which in a slope can lead to a landslide. Salinity and Microstructure The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the change in shear strength in the sample soil by considering the effect of values 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 100% of pore water salinity and it is therefore prudent to examine similar studies, to determine the types of tests conducted and the results of those tests as this can then be used in assessing the outcomes of the dissertation research. According to Santamarina (2003, p.25) soils are particulate materials which means that the behaviour of soils is determined by the forces particles experience, including forces due to boundary loads which are transmitted through the skeleton of the soil and particle-level forces such as gravitational and buoyant forces as well as hydrodynamic forces. Soil particles are also influenced by contact level forces such as capillary, electrical and cementation reactive forces. It is the balance between these forces that determine soil behaviour and very often laboratory testing can be used to understand a nd predict this behaviour. Sassa et al. (2007, p.143) makes the point, for example that the shear strength of mudstone is dependent on the chemistry of the mineral and their reaction with saline. It is clear therefore that there is a link between saline pore water and the engineering performance of soils, however it can be difficult to predict and simulate this behaviour. Tiwari et al. (2005, p.1445) suggest that an inward diffusion of the salt into clay can lead to an increase in the mean aggregate radius, which changes the structural component of the soil into what can be described as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“irregular aggregationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In soils that have more than 10% clay content the use of a saline pore water fluid can affect the physicochemical structure of the soil, affecting changes strength and compressibility of the material. For example, Kenney (1967, 1977) cited by Tiwari et al. (2005, p.1445) showed that increasing the NaCl concentration in pore fluid could lead to an increase of up to 200% in residual shear strength. Gratchev and Sassa (2013) One of the difficulties with understanding the impact of salt on soil behaviour is that according to Chaney and Demars (1985, p.219) it is difficult to match the salinity in the field with laboratory testing because of the interstitial nature of pore-water salinity. Research on Saline Pore Fluid and Soil According to a study conducted by Nagase et al. (2006, p.209) the concentration of salt (NaCl) in the pore fluid affects the mechanical properties of soil as evidenced by the fact that during a recent earthquake in Japan, the saline concentration of the soil decreased due to leaching and there was a corresponding decrease in the cyclic strength of soil. Messad and Moussai (2016, p.301) studied the impact of saline on sabkha soils which are typically low strength and high compressible materials in which it is difficult to design and construct foundations. In this study the effect of salts on water content and Atterberg limits of the sabkha soil was conducted with tests using distilled water and natural sabkha brine along with saline solutions with different salt concentrations. The results revealed that the liquid and plastic limits decrease with pore fluid salinity when using conventional water content. However, it was also noted that liquid limit and plastic limit increase when th e fluid content method is used. van Paassen and Gareau (2004, p.327) also studied the effect of pore water salinity on shear strength and compressibility of remoulded clay. The study sought to compare the results with marine clay from the Caspian Sea which has a known lower shear strength than anticipated as well as a higher moisture content. This clay also has lower pre-consolidation pressures than the calculated in-situ effective stress which indicated under-consolidation. The results of the study revealed that increasing pore water salinity, led to a decrease in the moisture content of normally consolidated clays and the remoulded shear strength corresponded to these moisture content changes. The compressive behaviour of the clay is explained using the modified effective stress concept which takes account of the pore pressure and effective pressure as well as the electrochemical repulsive and attractive forces between the clay particles. van Paassen and Gareau (2004, p.327) fo und that the laboratory tests on the remoulded clays revealed the opposite results to those obtained by taking the measurements in the natural soils, which is attributed to the effects of soil structure and preconsolidation pressure. In addition, the results showed that the measured pre-consolidation pressure depends largely on the salinity of the permeating fluid and it was concluded that it is possible to approximate pre-consolidation pressure close to the known geological stress in marine clays with high pore fluid salinity, using a brine solution that closely resembles the pore fluid chemistry. Yan and Chang (2015, p.153) studied the effects of pore fluid salinity on the shear strength and earth pressure coefficient at rest (K0) of three fine-grained soils including kaolin, bentonite and a marine clay. The K0 coefficient and the critical state friction angle (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢) were determined using triaxial stress path testing on remoulded normally consolidated samples. The Atterb erg limit test and sedimentation test revealed that the inter-particle force and soil structure of bentonite were affected by the salinity, whereas the other materials were insensitive to the pore fluid salinity, as shown in Figures 1 to 3. In this study Yan and Chang (2015, p.154) estimated the value of K0 using empirical formulas such as Jakyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s formula and Atterberg limits. It was found that Jakys formula satisfactorily predicted K0 for kaolin in all conditions with consistent underestimates for marine clay. In contrast prediction using the Atterberg limits failed in all cases, especially for the particularly for bentonite at low salinity. Figure 1 Triaxial stress path of testing bentonite with different salt contents (Yan and Chang 2015, p. 156, Figure 4) Figure 2 Triaxial stress path of testing of kaolin with different salt contents (Yan and Chang 2015, p. 156, Figure 3) Figure 3 Triaxial stress path of testing of marine clay with different salt contents (Yan and Chang 2015, p. 156, Figure 5) The laboratory tests found that the pore fluid salinity has little impact on the value of K0 and à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ in the kaolin samples and the marine clay. However, it was also found that an increase in pore fluid salinity has a corresponding significant increase in à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ for the bentonite and a decrease in the K0. These findings were attributed to the microstructure of the minerals in the materials (Yan and Chang 2015, p.157). Zhang et al. (2013, p. 69) conducted tests on undrained shear behaviour of loess that was saturated with different concentrations of sodium chloride solution. The aim of the tests was to investigate the effects of NaCl concentration in pore water and desalinisation on the shear behaviour of the samples in undrained conditions. The samples of loess were taken from the ground surface in China and were saturated by de-aired, distilled water with different concentrations of NaCl. Each sample was then su bjected to shear in undrained conditions. The samples were then remoulded and re-set into a shear box and re-saturated by passing through de-aired, distilled water and essentially desalinised, and subjected to shear testing, again in undrained conditions. The results of both sets of tests were compared and it was found that variation of NaCl concentration in the pore water affects the shear behaviour of saturated loess, with increases in peak shear strength and steady-state strength corresponding to increases in NaCl concentration until a peak value after which shear decreases with increases in NaCl concentration. It was also noted that the effects were reversible as the peak shear strength and steady-state strength of the desalinised samples recovered to those found in the original sample. Ajalloeian et al. (2013, p.1422) conducted a study to assess the impact of salt water on the behavioural parameters of fine-grained soil. The tests started by determining the basic characteris tics of the soil and water samples, followed by laboratory tests including Atterberg limits, standard compaction and consolidation tests as well as direct shear testing and dispersion tests including the pinhole test and chemical method. The soil sample was graded in compliance with ASTM D 4318 on soil passing no. 100 sieve, consisting of 37% gravel and sand, 35% silt and 28% clay. An XRD analysis of the material revealed that the fine grains of soil consist mainly of quartz, calcite and dolomite with some gypsum and 5% of the clay mineral montmorillonite. The samples of this fine soil were subjected to three different type of water with varying salt content, namely distilled water, half saline and fully saline water. Atterberg Limits. The tests were performed according to ASTM D 4318 on soil passing no. 100 sieve. For half saline and saline water, this test was performed at 0, 24 and 48 hours after soil and water exposure. The compaction test was used to impact of the type of wa ter on optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. The test was carried out according to ASTM D698-70 on soil passing no. 5 sieve with the saline test carried out at 24 hours and 48 hours after soil and water exposure. consolidation test was performed according to ASTM D2435 on soil passing no. 60 sieve and the process involved compacting a sample at optimum moisture content in a 20mm thick consolidation ring with a 70 mm diameter. The mould was left under loading equipment and a load of 1 kPa was applied on it and the sample was immersed for 24 hours. Then the sample was loaded with the stresses of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 2.5 kg/cm2. In the direct shear test, performed according to ASTM D3080 on soil passing no. 5 sieve the soil was compacted at optimum water content in 10 x 10mm mould apparatus at stresses of 0.5, 1 and 2 kg/cm2 and shearing velocity was 0.35 mm/min. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Before shearing at each stress, the sample was immersed and consolidated during 24 hours under th e same stressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Ajalloeian et al. 2013, p.1421). According to Ajalloeian et al. (2013, p.1424), the results showed that plastic limits with distilled, half saline and saline water are 21.31, 20.43 and 20.12 respectively. Salinity has little effect on the plastic limit however this depends on the moisture content of the soil which could affect the interaction between soil and solute in water. But in liquid limit, in which soil moisture is higher, the effect of salinity will be more. The liquid limit has decreased 5 and 17 percent with half saline and saline water respectively. Mahasneh (2004) cited by Ajalloeian et al. (2013, p.1425) attributed the decrease in liquid limit and plastic index by using saline water of Dead Sea to substitution of water molecules by salts that led to the decrease of the double layer thickness and water content and subsequently it stiffened the soil. Ajalloeian et al. (2013, p.1424) also cites Mansour et al, (2008) who indicate that the pr esence of high valence exchangeable cations in Dead Sea brine decrease the repulsive forces in the soil microstructure thus influencing soil behaviour. This means that the Vander Waals attractive forces are dominant, which increases the capillary stress between particles boundaries. Ultimately this reduces the available surface for interaction with water as shown in the Atterberg limits. In the present study, the lower part of changes of Atterberg limits are attributed to decrease in the double layer thickness and most of the changes can be attributed to sediment salt in the soil pores, because the XRD analysis showed montmorillonit content in the soil was approximately 5%. On the other hand, salt crystals were seen in the soil after drying it. The plastic index also decreased along with the liquid limit because of the increase in salinity of the pore water fluid. The results showed that the Atterberg limits, compression index and swelling index as well as the coefficient of volu me compressibility (mv) and coefficient of compressibility (av) decreased as water salinity increased. In addition, it was clear that the coefficient of consolidation and shear strength parameters increased with increase water salinity. These impacts were attributed to the increasing attractive force between soil particles, which establishes a bond between them, forming salt crystals in pores soil and effectively acting as a cement. Despite the fact that the concentration of saline water is 50 times more than that of half saline water, the difference between soil properties is not noticeable and it appears that the variations on the soil properties decreases as water salinity increases. However, the study also found that excessive concentration of water tends to cause cations to combine with anions to form salts before they can influence the clay minerals. This means that an increase in concentration of water does not have significant impact on the behaviour of the soil. The consoli dation tests showed that soil behaviour with all three types of water is similar at high pressure, attributed to the fact that inter-particles bonds are broken at high pressures. In another study, Otoko (2014, pp.9-10) investigated the impact of saline water from the Atlantic shore on three type of soil including a clay, clayey sand and base course material. Prior to testing 10kg of each of these soil types were dried at 100oC, sieved to establish grading in accordance with ASTM D421 and ASTM D422, as shown in Figure 4 and stored at room temperature. Figure 4 Particle Size Distribution of clay, clayey sand and base course samples (Otoko 2014, p.10, Figure 2) An analysis of the physical properties of the above soils indicate that the clay sample has the highest specific gravity of 2.75, with the base course sample having the lowest value of 2.50. The moisture content was also measured and ranged from 15% to 29% for the clay soil, 13% to 15% for the clayey sand sample and 11% to 14% for base course (Otoko 2014, p. 14). A series of six samples were prepared using 3kg of each of the materials; one mixed with tap water and the other with saline water from the Atlantic Ocean salty for each type of soil. Compaction tests were then carried out to establish optimum moisture content and dry unit weight in accordance with ASTM D698 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 78, ASTM and AASHTO T180 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 90, with results shown in Figures 5 to 7. Figure 5 Compaction Curves for Clay soil using tap water and Atlantic Ocean saline water (Otoko 204, p. 11, Figure 3) Figure 6 Compaction Curves for Clay sand using tap water and Atlantic Ocean saline water (Otoko 204, p. 11, Figure 4) Figure 7 Compaction Curves for Base course sample using tap water and Atlantic Ocean saline water (Otoko 2014, p. 12, Figure 5) These figures indicate that the maximum dry unit weights of the clay were 20.9, with the clayey sand and the base course material having dry u nit weights of 22.5 and 19.5kN/m3 respectively when mixed with tap water. The maximum dry unit weight for the clay decreased from 20.9kN/m3 to 17.5kN/m3 when the material was mixed with saline water. However, it was noted that there was an increase in the maximum dry unit weight for both clayey sand and base course from 19.5kN/m3 to 20.5kN/m3 and from 22.5kN/m3 to 23.2kN/m3 respectively. This is attributed to changes in the intermolecular structure, where in the clay sample the saline induced repulsive force between the salt molecules and the clay intermolecular structure, which increased the intermolecular distances and void ratios in the sample whereas the increase in the dry unit weight of the base course is attributed to a chemical reaction between the salt molecules and soil particles, thus hardening the material and increasing the dry unit weight (Otoko 2014, p.14). A further 100g of the materials were mixed with tap water and Atlantic Ocean saline water for the Atterbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Limits test. Six paste specimens were prepared to determine the Atterberg limit of the soils. The results of these tests showed that each of the soils tended to stiffen with decreased Atterberg limits for the samples with salt water as shown in Table 1. Table 1 Effect of Saline water on Atterberg limits and compactions (Otoko 204, p. 13, Table 1) The samples were also subjected to unconfined compression testing that had been compacted to optimum water content and placed in a cylindrical shaped mould measuring 112.5mm height and 50.0mm diameter as specified in ASTMD 2166 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 85. The results of these tests are shown in Figures 8 to 10 (Otoko 2014, p.11). Figure 8 Stress strain relationship for Clay soil with tap water and Atlantic Ocean saline water (Otoko 2014, p.13, Figure 6) Figure 9 Stress strain relationship for Clay sand sample with tap water and Atlantic Ocean saline water (Otoko 2014, p.13, Figure 7) Figure 10 Str ess strain relationship for Base course with tap water and Atlantic Ocean saline water (Otoko 2014, p.13, Figure 6) In the above figures, the relationship between the unconfined shear strength and strain from three soil types using tap and salty water show that the clay soil sample and the clayey sand sample have higher unconfined compressive strength for the saline state. This is attributed to the fact that the clay soil has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“multi layers of gibbsite and silica sheets with hydrogen bonding linking these sheetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which become closer under axial compression, which increases resistance to compression and leads to higher shear strength (Otoko 2014, p.14). In contrast, the structure of base course contains compacted calcium oxide molecule, which as shown in Figure 10, fails à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“more rapidly than clayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , with the saline water enhancing the shear strength of the base course, largely because of the conversion of the calcium oxides and hydroxide into calcium chloride, which can resist higher values of shear (Otoko 2014, p.15). A study conducted by Gratchev et al. (2007, p.349), into the cyclic behaviour of bentonite-sand mixtures that were treated with salt, found that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cyclic shear strength at lower concentrations of salt was greater than that obtained at higher salt concentrationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Gratchev and Sassa (2013, p.1817) studied the cyclic behaviour of soil under different physico-chemical conditions by conducting a series of undrained cyclic stress-controlled ring-shear tests on a natural soil permeated with solutions of NaCl, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to examine the cyclic behaviour of soil with different pore fluids. The study concluded that an increase in NaCl concentration from 1 meq/L to 11 meq/L leads to a corresponding decrease in the shear resistance of soil to cyclic loading. In addition, it was found that the soil environment affects the behavio ur of the soil, for example in acidic and alkaline environments, it was found that the cyclic shear strength of soil decreases compared to specimens with distilled water. The changes in the cyclic behaviour of soil with different pore fluids are attributed to changes in the diffuse double layer of clay, whereby large concentrations of NaCl, NaOH, and H2SO4 can decrease the thickness of the diffuse double layer, thus producing soil structures that are less resistant to cyclic loading (Gratchev Sassa 2013, p.1820). Summary of Literature Review The engineering characteristics of fine-grained soils, particularly clayey soils are influenced by factors such as density and porosity, structure, type of minerals and plastic properties. Any change in these characteristics will ultimately change the physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil. The addition of salt to pore water can affect the behaviour of the soil by influencing the electrochemical forces exist between the solid, liquid and dissolved phases. It is acknowledged that it is possible to conduct laboratory tests to understand the impact of saline pore water fluid on soil behaviour although it is difficult to mirror actual site conditions. A number of different research experiments were investigated, which revealed that: the concentration of salt (NaCl) in the pore fluid affects the mechanical properties of soil. the impact depends on the type of soil; for example, the impact of saline pore water on low strength, highly compressible soils, such as sabkha, increases the liquid limit and plastic limit. increasing pore water salinity in some soils can decrease in the moisture content of normally consolidated clays and the remoulded shear strength, whereas variations of salt content in materials such as loess increases the peak shear strength and steady-state strength. in some soils, such as kaolin, the Atterberg limits and compression index, as well as the swelling index and the coefficient of volume compressibility decreased, as water salinity increased. shear strength parameters increase with increased water salinity, attributed to the increasing attractive force between soil particles, which establishes a bond between them, forming salt crystals in pores soil and effectively acting as a cement. in cyclic behaviour of soil under different physico-chemical conditions an increase in NaCl concentration leads to a corresponding decrease in the shear resistance of soil to cyclic loading. the soil environment affects the behaviour of the soil, for example in acidic and alkaline environments, cyclic shear strength of soil decreases compared to specimens with distilled water. References Ajam, M., Sabour, M.R. and Dezvareh, G.A., 2015. Study of water salinity effect on geotechnical behavior of soil structure using response surface method (RSM), (Case study: Gotvand Dam). Ciencia Natura, 37, pp.350-359. Ajalloeian, R., Mansouri, H. and Sadeghpour, A.H.,2013. Effect of Saline Water on Geotechnical Properties of Fine-grained Soil. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 18, pp.1419-1436. Bouksila, F., Perrson, M., Berndtsson, R. and Bahrii, A.,2008. Soil water content and salinity determination using different dielectric methods in saline gypsiferous soil. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 53:1, 253-265. Chaney, R.C. and Demars, K.R., 1985. Strength Testing of Marine Sediments: Laboratory and In-situ Measurements: a Symposium Sponsored by ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and Rock, San Diego, CA, 26-27 Jan. 1984, Issue 883. New York: ASTM International Gratchev, I., Sassa, K., Osipov, V., Fukuoka, H., and Wang, G., 2007. Undrained cyclic behavior of benton ite-sand mixtures and factors affecting it.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 25(3), pp. 349à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"367 Gratchev, I.B. and Sassa, K., 2013. Cyclic shear strength of soil with different pore fluids. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 139(10), pp.1817-1821. Lolaev, A.B., Shklyarov, N.D. and Lyalina, O.A., 1997. Effects of salts on physical and mechanical properties of frozen soils. Engineering Geology and the Environment In Marinos, G. (ed.) Engineering Geology and the Environment, Volume 1. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp.215-220. Messad, A. and Moussai, B., 2016. Effect of water salinity on Atterberg limits of El-Hodna sabkha soil. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 75(1), pp.301-309. Nagase, H., Shimizu, K., Hiro-oka, A., Tanoue, Y., and Saitoh, Y.,2006. Earthquake-induced residual deformation of Ariake clay deposits with leaching. Soil Dynamics Earthquake Engineering, 26(2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"4), pp. 209à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"220. Otoko, G.R., 2014. The Effect of Salt Water on the Physical Properties, Compaction Characteristics and Unconfined Compressive Strength of a Clay, Clayey Sand and Base Course. European International Journal of Science and Technology 3(2), pp.9-17. Santamarina, J.C., 2003. Soil behavior at the microscale: particle forces. Geotechnical Special Publication, pp.25-56. Sassa, K., Fukuoka, H., Wang, F. and Wang, G., 2007. Progress in Landslide Science. London: Springer Science. Suganya, K. and Sivapullaiah, P.V., 2015. Effect of changing water content on the properties of Kuttanad soil. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,33(4), pp.913-921. Tiwari, B., Tuladhar, G.R. and Marui, H., 2005. Variation in residual shear strength of the soil with the salinity of pore fluid. Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, 131(12), pp.1445-1456. van Paassen, L.A. and Gareau, L.F., 2004. Effect of pore fluid salinity on compressibility and shear strength development of clayey soils. In Engineering Geology for Infrastructure Planning in Europe. Berlin Heidelberg: Berlin, pp. 327-340. Yan, W.M. and Chang, J., 2015. Effect of pore water salinity on the coefficient of earth pressure at rest and friction angle of three selected fine-grained materials. Engineering Geology, 193, pp.153-157. Zhang, F., Wang, G., Kamai, T., Chen, W., Zhang, D. and Yang, J., 2013. Undrained shear behavior of loess saturated with different concentrations of sodium chloride solution. Engineering Geology, 155, pp.69-79. Zhu, C.M., Ye, W.M., Chen, Y.G., Chen, B. and Cui, Y.J., 2013. Influence of salt solutions on the swelling pressure and hydraulic conductivity of compacted GMZ01 bentonite. Engineering Geology, 166, pp.74-80.

The Crime Of A Gang - 1293 Words

The country we live in has been affected and influenced by something that we now call a â€Å"Gang†. According, to Dictionary.com a gang is defined as a group of youngsters or adolescents who associate closely, often exclusively, for social reasons, especially such a group engaging in delinquent behavior. Since the early 1900’s The United States of America has been affected by gangs. They originated from the Italian immigrants that were closely related to the Sicilian mafia and others that were located in New York City, there main motive was to steal and kill to achieve what they wanted. Since the Italian Mafia in New York City many other ethnicity s have popped up in the gang violence scene. Starting in the 1950’s and 1960’s Asians, Hispanics, and African Americans began bonding together to form gangs, and by the time the 1970’s and 1980’s came around there were many national gang alliances that swept from Los Angles California to New York City and many smaller towns in between. Along with all the widespread gang activities there was also a lot of illegal drug running throughout the country for gangs for that they can finance there gang activities. With all the widespread gang activity involving many different racial ethnicities comes certain hurdles that local and state governments are going to have to monitor and trouble shoot to figure out the proper recipe for the least amount of citizens get involved in the violence. This can be a tough task at certain points throughoutShow MoreRelatedGang Crime And Crime1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe phrase â€Å"gang crime† does not portray an image of injured children, cries of civilians, tear gas consuming the air, and chaos fled around the eyes of the common man. As developing nations become more independent, one could argue that their crime rate would be decreasing as well. However, gang-related violence has increased as developing countries improve economically, soc ially, and financially. 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Taylor free essay sample

â€Å"Don’t try this at home!† announced the slouched second grader who proceeded to thrust her arms toward the sky before cartwheeling into the misty, green pool. I had gaped at my childhood friend’s daring ways from the opposite side of the glistening water and wondered if her warning should be taken seriously. Taylor had constantly been introducing me to new experiences, including her gymnastic stunts as well as witty sayings. She and I began our journey together through the eyes of eight year olds, and although our friendship faded as we both grew apart, she continuously impacts my outlook on life. Almost nine years after our day beneath the afternoon sun in her backyard, Taylor and I had been completely separated by time and had subsided in our individual niches in high school. Despite the fact that we would merely walk past each other in the hallways, I knew that in the back of our minds, we remembered the memories we’ve shared so many years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Taylor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In fact, those memories were returned in full to me after an incident on a Sunday night. While the month of April was in bloom and soon-to-be college students roamed the country in search of their future school, a handful of people’s lives were halted after this night, when Taylor had been struck and killed by a car on the parkway. I was not informed of the news until the following day, when I had been visiting a college myself. Little did I know that as I was living my life and planning for my future, part of my past had just died. To me, words are one of the most powerful inventions mankind will ever know. Words have the ability to pass on a story, to preserve memories, to persuade others into believing something, and also to provide comfort. Where would the most influential people, such as Franklin D. Roosevelt and other strong leaders, be without language and communication? An entire country can feel relief after the ten assuring words, â€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.† Use of words gives me a way to cope with tragedy, just as figures of the past have done as well. Specifically after Taylor’s death, I expressed my emotion through a creative outlet. Memories keep flooding back from my friendship with Taylor, like an unexpected high tide at the shore of an ocean. The moments of my childhood swim within the sea, and occasionally they will wash up on the beach of present day when I come across a reminder of the past. My heart spills words onto paper in every and any form; poems and letters especially, have anchored my thoughts to a surface and can now inspire others to release emotions through their own passion, such as painting or making music. Life may include tragedy, but it is how we utilize the unfortunates granted to us that determines our strength as people. In my situation, I benefitted from a death by writing about it. Each new line scribbled down on paper is a representation of how I can transform unwanted events in life into valuable lessons learned. In fact, Taylor’s death has taught me how to deal with pain and loss. It assisted in discovering my passion for words and writing them in order to cradle a fragile situation. Without the loss of Taylor, I would not have grown so much as a friend, writer, and person.